Summary
Abstract As a result of prolonged intubation, tracheostomy, external trauma, penetrating fragment projectiles, gunshot wounds and improvised explosive devices during combat, and benign or malignant tumors, many soldiers and veterans in the US military suffer from severe trachea stenosis or damage that can cause complete airway failure, Since there is no successful long-term treatment for long-segment tracheal stenosis or damage, tissue engineering strategies have been explored to develop neotracheas using different combinations of biomaterials and cell sources. However, biomaterial scaffold-ba
