Summary
Electrical motors power countless systems in modern life, from electric vehicles and industrial robotics to air conditioners and infusion pumps, and drive the movement behind a wide range of emerging technologies and applications. Given their ubiquity and importance, motor monitoring is vital for ensuring safety, maintaining energy efficiency, and detecting potential mechanical failure early. Yet accurate motor monitoring, especially when motors are enclosed, embedded, or physically inaccessible, remains a significant challenge. Laser-based systems are precise and accessible, yet they require
